The significance of the global factors that shape national business Essay

The essentialness of the worldwide elements that shape national business exercises - Essay Example Thus, associations must get information on these worldwide components so as to make opportune vital business changes that can guarantee long haul business maintainability. Worldwide exchange would help a nation to pull in remote ventures and to improve its joblessness rate. This paper will talk about the effect of universal exchange and other key worldwide elements (both positive and negative) on UK organizations. Moreover, this will give a review of EU and its different strategies affecting UK organizations. Global exchange and UK organizations As the Penguin Dictionary characterize, â€Å"the trade of merchandise and enterprises between one nation and another is called universal trade† (as refered to in Jain 2009. p.110). In many nations, global exchange represents a noteworthy percent of the total national output. Universal exchange is enormously help nations to discover less expensive and likely markets for their merchandise and enterprises. While dissecting the effect of worldwide exchange on UK organizations, it appears that worldwide exchange causes the country to develop its business segment. To show, according to the DFID measurable information (n.d.), UK’s merchandise trades expanded by 72% to $468 billion though benefits sends out expanded by 156% to $288 billion throughout the decade 1998-2008. Obviously, sends out in UK have strikingly expanded in the course of the most recent decade and this circumstance thusly helped UK business area to acquire possible customers and providers. Likewise, expandin g sends out show more incomes and benefits for UK organizations and this developing inflow of cash can help UK business area to advance its development. Thus, imports in UK have likewise significantly improved during the 1998-2008 period. Over this decade, the country’s imports developed by 111.5% (Ibid). The noteworthy ascent in imports and fares advanced the improvement of other related business ventures in UK. Market experts opine that better worldwide exchange has enormously profited UK business part to spread hazard during the worldwide money related emergency 2008-09 and to keep up advertise soundness somewhat. At long last, the universal exchange help UK organizations to investigate new potential extension openings and to rule the worldwide business system. Worldwide components impacting UK business Oil cost is one of the major worldwide variables affecting UK organizations. Ongoing reports demonstrate that oil costs are falling in UK because of fall in unrefined petro leum costs in the worldwide market. This circumstance will unquestionably profit UK business segment in light of the fact that falling oil costs would help organizations to improve their creation costs and in this manner productivity. The estimation of the Pound Sterling has been moderately steady for a long time regardless of the ongoing worldwide downturn that awfully shook Europe. A steady money urges expected remote advertisers to set up exchange relationship with UK organizations as it would permit them (outside advertisers) to appreciate elevated level of business assurance. What's more, the steady estimation of the money adds to keeping up stable oil costs, which thusly are useful for the nation’s business area. Additionally, a progression of late mechanical advancements emphatically impact UK organizations on the grounds that the country’s innovative scene has exceptionally evolved and subsequently it can hold up under changes without any problem. As of late cr eated PC related advances and computerization of creation lines have eminently added to the extension of UK organizations (Chaston 2009, p.100). Simultaneously, some negative worldwide elements hinder the development of UK organizations. A large number of the world’s driving economies including the United States are yet to recoup from the effects of the worldwide financ

Easy to Write Essay Topics - Why Easy to Write Essay Topics Are Important

Easy to Write Essay Topics - Why Easy to Write Essay Topics Are ImportantIf you want to learn how to write essays quickly and easily, then make sure you choose easy to write essay topics. You will learn how to write papers in a lot less time if you focus on easy to write essay topics. In this article, you will learn why easy to write essay topics are important and how to choose them effectively.Easy to write essay topics are easy to find. In fact, there are several thousand essay topics written about each and every topic that you can think of. In fact, most of the times, these topics are only very general and abstract topics that the teacher could use as a basis for the project.Easy to write essay topics can also be a little bit complex too. There are many ways you can approach to writing these topics. It will be a good idea if you can put some thoughts that you have stored in your mind regarding your topic. You can have fun when writing these topics.Easy to write essay topics can al so be very specific and hard to understand at the same time. These types of topics are quite difficult to write. Sometimes, it can be very hard to know what to write on the topic or how to present it properly. To avoid those types of things, you should try to make it a point to always remember the purpose of the assignment.Easy to write essay topics are also very important to the academic system of colleges and universities. Students who do not know how to write essays are considered to be second class. So, if you are a student and you do not know how to write a successful essay, you should really consider learning how to write essay topics.Easy to write essay topics are needed because of the increase in students today. As a matter of fact, there are more people than ever trying to get into college. In addition, the entire country is rapidly expanding its borders. Therefore, there are more students who are trying to find places where they can study so that they can become part of th e new society.Easy to write essay topics are also necessary because the number of people trying to be students is increasing. For example, there are many new people trying to find a place to study because they want to find jobs after graduating from college. In order to find a job, they need to go to some college where they can learn something.If you want to become a successful essay writer, make sure you choose easy to write essay topics. A simple solution is to ask your professors if they know of any easy to write topic for you. This way, you can find what you need easily and without much effort.

American Imperialism and Early Progressives Essay

The issues America had with different nations all rotated around things like that. There was the Louisiana Purchase. There was the Mexican-American War. There was the â€Å"54-40 or Fight† emergency including England and the Oregon Territory. Starting with the Spanish-American War, the US turned towards extending its capacity and having a greater amount of an effect on the universal scene. The US at that point did things like taking and running the Philippines. It pushed for the â€Å"Open Door† in China. The war spoke to the principal significant military commitment for the United States fringes since the Mexican-American War and prompted a craving of United States interests all through the Caribbean and into the western Pacific area . The war’s result prompted sensational increments in the United States naval force spending plan and U. S military association in the Philippines, bringing about a three-year war. The Spanish-American War made strategies advancing abroad ventures and development, later alluded to as â€Å"dollar diplomacy† under President Taft. Prior to that, this extended strategy could be found in the Open Door arrangement with respect to China. It could likewise be found in President Theodore Roosevelt’s designing a revolt in Panama against the Colombian government and afterward haggling for the Panama Canal Zone and development of the Panama Canal. 2) Explain how the accompanying people reacted to the monetary and social issues made by the industrialization during the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years: Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, Upton Sinclair Theory: Industrialization may have made an emotional increment in riches however brought along social and monetary issues, Andrew Carnegie reacted to these issues with the good news of riches, Sinclair assaulted debasement in industry’s, Jane Addams with Hull Houses and developments for ladies and Samuel Gompers with the AF of L. Addams concentrated on neediness, low wages, poor conditions and the need to absorb foreigners. Her objective was to help with the neediness and terrible existences of urban life. She set up a settlement house, Hull House, in Chicago in 1889. 00 settlement houses were built up across America as a result of her. She pushed the administrative development for ghettos and manufacturing plants that contradicted kid work and sweatshops and supported for the 8-hour working day for ladies. Carnegie wanted to fix the issues of the rising economy with his vertical reconciliation of the steel business. Carnegie constructed riches around proficient monopolistic t asks, vertical joining, most reduced potential wages, misuse of laborers, and restricting associations. He pushed the Gospel of Wealth, and monetary natural selection. However, Carnegie likewise held that overabundance riches was a trust for networks, and he built up the numerous Carnegie subsidized open libraries. Inside and out he parted with over $150 million. Gompers composed associations into the American Federation of Labor; associations were autonomous yet coordinated on meat and potatoes issues. He needed higher wages, less working hours, business obligation for wounds, mine security laws, and influence of gifted associations; the AFL composed strikes and blacklists. The AFL had 2 million individuals by 1904 however for the most part discarded semi-and incompetent laborers and ladies. Sinclair composed the book The Jungle in 1906 and depicted meatpacking conditions, which made Theodore Roosevelt push for the 1906 Meat Inspection Act that set up sterile principles and assessments. Sinclair was an analytical maligner concentrating on maltreatment of laborers. 3) How Successful were the dynamic changes during the period 1890 to 1915 as for the accompanying: Industrial condition, Urban life, legislative issues Progressive change helped in observing the production of worker's guilds like The Knights of Labor and The American Federation of Labor. These associations pushed for more significant compensation and shorter work days for laborers by endeavoring to sort out the workers. They accomplished some of what they wanted to yet not all do to the propelled association and snappy strategies for responding of the organizations. the changes were fruitful as far as mechanical conditions. Instances of this: Creation of solid worker's guilds, for example, The Knights of Labor and the America alongside Federation of Labor. These associations pushed for higher least wages and pay and shorter work days. Likewise, to free of kid work. For Urban life upgrades, I didnt build up a contention yet I have these thoughts that were effective: The Hull House, Public Education, Crime, Pollution and theres a ton all the more however im chipping away at it now. Unfortunately that’s all I have:( furthermore, the Conserative changes of Teddy Roosevelt and Taft. TR included the Yellow Stone National Park to a defensive save. Taft worked off of these thoughts with more stops being made into holds. How fruitful were dynamic changes during the period 1890-1915 as for TWO of the accompanying? Modern conditions; urban life; legislative issues. The late nineteenth century and mid twentieth century were set apart by a time of changes known as Progressivism. During this time, pioneers of Progressive changes expected to improve American lives by actuating changes that would impact governmental issues and urban ways of life. Progressivism for the most part improved the regular day to day existence and diminished debasement inside the nation’s enactments. During the Progressive Era, President Theodore Roosevelt adjusted in 1904 what was known as the Square Deal program. This was the primary program that plot business connections between the corporate pioneers and the modern specialists and that reasonableness and balance would direct the association. In any case, so as to forestall a revolutionary society and keep up rivalry in the economy, Roosevelt didn't dispense with all trusts. He pronounced that there were some â€Å"good† trusts, alongside the awful ones. The â€Å"good† trusts were those that were liberated from defilement and would by and large keep up a reasonable and only connection among boss and representative. The program incorporated the Sherman Antitrust Act, which requested that the trusts be decided by the demonstrations they have submitted. This demonstration effectively flagged the finish of degenerate trusts, alongside the death of the Elkins Act. The Elkins Act forestalled the rich and the notable to profit and get discounts on the railroads. The Elkins Act constrained the railways to make an equivalent rate for individuals of varying backgrounds and it couldn't be liable to change. In the coal strike of 1902, a huge number of Americans wouldn't work in the mines without upgrades to working conditions.

Where The Side Walk Ends Movie Review Assignment - 550 Words

Where The Side Walk Ends Movie Review Assignment (Movie Review Sample) Content: -247650247650Where the Side Walk Ends Movie ReviewWhere the Side Walk Ends is an American film noir that was released in 1950. The film was directed by Otto Preminger and starred Dana Andrews, Gene Tierney, Tom Tully, Gary Merrill, Bert Freed, Tom Tully, Karl Malden, Ruth Donnelly, Craig Stevens, Robert Simon, Harry von Zell, and Grace Mills.The plot of the film revolves around Mark Dixon (Dana Andrews), a ruthless police detective who due to his strict and controlling behavior had been demoted by his superiors. Mark Dixon despised all the criminals because his father was one of them and he did not want to carry on his fathers infamous legacy. On one incident when they were investigating a homicide at an illegal craps game run by Tommy Scalise (Gary Merrill), Dixon accidentally killed Ken Paine (Craig Stevens) as a murder suspect and a gambler as he was trying to explain to him that his job was to detect criminal and not punishing them.Fearful of his unintended behavi ors consequences, he strategizes a scheme to cover up his crime, and it involved dumping Paines body in the river. Initially, Mark Dixon tried to blame Tommy Scalise (Gary Merrill) because he was his long-term gangster enemy and when he failed, he blamed Jiggs Taylor (Tom Tully), who was the father of the dead mans widow, Morgan (Gene Tierney). However, Mark Dixon had fallen in love with Morgan (Gene Tierney), and although he tried to clear Jiggs Taylor (Tom Tully) name, he failed because Thomas (Karl Malden), who was then a new detective, was convinced that Jiggs was the killer.Regardless, Dixon always felt trapped in a web that he had created on his own, and to ease the distress; he continued to look for ways that would ensure that Morgan (Gene Tierney)s father was not found guilty. Later, he was able to move evidence from Morgans father and blamed it on Tommy Scalise (Gary Merrill) during a shootout that left him wounde...

Black Women Who Have Run for U.S. President

Black women are among the Democratic Party’s most loyal supporters. As such, they have buoyed everyone from white men to a black man and, now, a white woman to the top of the ticket. Unlike Hillary Clinton, a black woman has yet to win the Democratic Party’s nomination for president. But that doesn’t mean several haven’t tried. Multiple black  women have run for president—be it as Democrats, Republicans, Communists, on the Green Party ticket or that of another party. Get to know the African American women who tried to make history before Clinton did with this roundup of black female presidential candidates. Charlene Mitchell Many Americans have the mistaken belief that Shirley Chisholm was the first black woman to run for president, but that distinction actually goes to Charlene Alexander Mitchell. Mitchell ran neither as a Democrat nor a Republican but as a Communist. Mitchell was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1930, but her family later moved to Chicago. They lived in the famous Cabrini Green projects, and Mitchell took an early interest in politics, acting as a youth organizer to protest racial segregation in the Windy City. She joined the Communist Party USA in 1946, when she was just 16. Twenty-two years later, Mitchell launched her unsuccessful presidential bid with running mate, Michael Zagarell, the National Youth Director of the Communist Party. Given that the pair were only put on the ballot in two states, winning the election wasn’t just a longshot but simply impossible. That year wouldn’t be Mitchells  last in politics. She ran as an Independent Progressive for U.S. Senator from New York  in 1988 but lost to Daniel Moynihan. Shirley Chisholm Shirley Chisholm is arguably the most famous black woman to run for president. That’s because, unlike most of the black women on this list, she actually ran as a Democrat rather than on a third party  ticket. Chisholm was born on Nov. 30, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York. However, she grew up partly in Barbados with her grandmother. The same year that Mitchell launched her failed presidential bid, 1968, Chisholm made history by becoming the first black congresswoman. The following year she co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus. In 1972, she unsuccessfully ran for U.S. president as a Democrat on a platform in which she prioritized education and employment issues. Her campaign slogan was unbought and unbossed. Although she didn’t win the nomination, Chisholm served seven terms in Congress. She died New Year’s Day 2005. She was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015. Barbara Jordan Okay, so Barbara Jordan never actually ran for president, but many wanted to see her on the 1976 ballot and voted for the groundbreaking politician. Jordan was born Feb. 21, 1936, in Texas, to a Baptist minister father and a domestic worker mother. In 1959, she earned a law degree from Boston University, one of two black women that year to do so. The following year she campaigned for John F. Kennedy to be president. By this time, she set her own sights on a career in politics. In 1966, she won a seat in the Texas House after losing two campaigns for the House earlier. Jordan wasn’t the first in her family to become a politician. Her great-grandfather, Edward Patton, also served in the Texas legislature. As a Democrat, Jordan ran a successful bid for Congress in 1972. She represented Houston’s 18th District. Jordan would play key roles in both the impeachment hearings for President Richard Nixon and in the 1976 Democratic National  Convention. The opening speech she gave at the former focused on the Constitution and is said to have played a key role in Nixon’s decision to resign. Her speech during the latter marked the first time a black woman gave the keynote address at the DNC. Although Jordan did not run for president, she earned a single delegate vote for president of the convention.   In 1994, Bill Clinton awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom. On Jan. 17, 1996, Jordan, who suffered from leukemia, diabetes and multiple sclerosis, died of pneumonia. Lenora Branch Fulani Lenora Branch Fulani was born April 25, 1950, in Pennsylvania. A psychologist, Fulani became involved in politics after studying the work of Fred Newman and Lois Holzman, founders of the New York Institute for Social Therapy and Research. When Newman launched the New Alliance Party, Fulani became involved, running unsuccessfully for Lt. Governor of New York in 1982 on the NAP ticket. Six years later, she ran for U.S. president on the ticket. She became the first black independent and first female presidential candidate to appear on the ballot in each U.S. state but still lost the race.   Undeterred, she ran unsuccessfully for New York governor in 1990. Two years after that, she launched a failed presidential bid as a New Alliance candidate. She has since continued to be politically active.   Carol Moseley Braun Carol Moseley Braun made history even before she ran for president. Born Aug. 16, 1947, in Chicago, to a police officer father and medical technician mother, Braun decided to pursue a career in law. She earned her law degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1972. Six years later, she became a member of the Illinois House of Representatives. Braun won an historic election in Nov. 3, 1992, when she became the first black woman in the United States Senate after defeating GOP rival Richard Williamson. This made her only the second African American elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate. Edward Brooke was the first. Braun, however, lost her reelection race in 1998. Braun’s political career didn’t come to  a halt after her defeat. In  1999, she became the U.S. ambassador to New Zealand  in which she served until the end of President Bill Clinton’s term. In 2003, she announced her bid to run for  president on the Democratic ticket but dropped  out of the race in January 2004. She endorsed Howard Dean, who also lost his bid. Cynthia McKinney Cynthia McKinney was born March 17, 1955, in Atlanta. As a Democrat, she served a half-dozen terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. She made history in 1992 by becoming the first black woman to represent Georgia in the House. She continued to serve until 2002, when Denise Majette defeated her. However, in 2004, McKinney won a seat in the House once more when Majette ran for Senate. In 2006, she lost reelection. The year would also prove to be a difficult one, as McKinney faced controversy after reportedly slapping a Capitol Hill police officer who  asked her to present identification. McKinney ultimately left the Democratic Party and ran unsuccessfully for president on the Green Party ticket in 2008.   Wrapping Up Several other black women have run for president. They include Monica Moorehead, on the Workers World Party ticket; Peta Lindsay, on the Party for Socialism and Liberation ticket; Angel Joy Charvis; on the Republican ticket; Margaret Wright, on the People’s Party ticket; and Isabell Masters, on the Looking Back Party ticket.

Descriptive School Day - 1875 Words

School Day I’ve told this story many times before and to this day, I have not run out of questions. It was a regular school day, nothing was out of the ordinary. I woke up at five in the morning, showered, brushed my teeth, got dressed and waited for my mom to finish getting ready while I played video games, as I do every day. The drive to school was just like every other drive to school. Mom was asking questions, trying to get some intel on my life, just like any other mother of a 16 year old teen. When we drove past school I felt weird. There was a pit in my stomach; I felt nervous. It was the same feeling that you’d get on the first day of school. I walked in and I saw Elizabeth. Elizabeth has been my crush since the sixth grade.†¦show more content†¦I quickly rushed to the window, when I did everyone started yelling at me telling me not to, but I needed to. My sister was on her lunch break and I had no idea where she was and what I saw, when I looked out the windo w worried me even more. Everyone out there looked terrified there were flashes everywhere, bodies falling, people crying, others rushing to find a spot to hide and there was nothing anyone could’ve done to help out. Our teacher locked us in the room and told us to hide. I was crying hysterically, but I needed to pull myself together. Elizabeth was next to me, panicking and I needed to help her. We were hiding under the teacher’s desk, when we heard all the shooting stop all together. Afterwards we hear loud knocking, it was a girl begging to be let in. We didn’t understand why she was being so loud, if she was trying to get away from those psychotic murders. Maybe it was just the paranoia in me, but I got that same sense that something terrible was about to happen. I began to question, if she was trying to get us caught or something. Why did she choose our class out of all the others? Our class was all the way at the end of the hallway, at the very front of the hallway, there was an intersection to the other hallway. The bathrooms were in that other hallway, if she was in the bathroom when this went down, why didn’t she go to one of those other classes in that hallway or the firstShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About School Day847 Words   |  4 Pagesfor herself and her two younger siblings. The middle one doesn’t finally get up until 10 minutes before he’s scheduled to walk out the door. By the time I manage to get everyone up and where they’re supposed to go (the oldest driving my middle to school, my youngest dropped in daycare) I’m 15 minutes behind schedule. I take the 45 min drive to work and face a room full of chaotic 2nd graders for a hefty 7 hours before staying after for another 2 to help the other faculty and then taking another 45Read MoreDescriptive Essay About School Day1727 Words   |  7 PagesAs an eight hour school day, filled with laughter and joy as I spent time with my friends, whizzed by, I walked towards my bus. Looking around I could see everything from birds gliding in the wind, their feathers glistening in the sunlight, to spiders in the bushes, working tirelessly to spin their magnificently intricate masterpiece of a web. The trees are starting to change from a vibrant green, to a light yellow, to a deep orange, and finally, to a bloody red. The contrast of all the awe-inspiringRead MoreDescriptive Essay About My School Day2000 Words   |  8 Pagesso I sat mysel f up in my bed and waited for her to come in and tell me to get ready for my day; she did this every morning.   Ã‚   Only a minute later she came in and did exactly as   I had thought. Taken aback by the fact that I was  awake she said , Hurry up, we have to leave soon, in the same kind, loving voice she always used when talking to me.   Ã‚   As soon as I had finished getting ready for my school day, I went back into my room and observed my appearance in my  long mirror that went verticallyRead MoreDescriptive Essay About My School Day1978 Words   |  8 Pagesso I sat myself up in my bed and waited for her to come in and tell me to get ready for my day; she did this every morning.   Ã‚   Only a minute later she came in and did exactly as   I had thought. Taken aback by the fact that I was awake she said , Hurry up, we have to leave soon, in the same kind, loving voice she always used when talking to me.   Ã‚   As soon as I had finished getting ready for my school day, I went back into my room and observed my appearance in my long mirror that went verticallyRead MoreHow Personal Responsibility Will Lead to My Success Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesthough some people who lack personal responsibility do just fine in life, personal responsibility will lead to my success in and beyond school because it gives me the confidence to succeed, and will lead to a better life for my family and me. Now as to my approach for this paper I am writing this essay according to The Descriptive Essay (2011), The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe an object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encouragesRead MoreCorrelation Between Bullying Victimization And Academic Achievement1266 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"truancy or absence from school due to fear of attending school may modify the effect of the relationship between bullying victimization and academic achievement.† 2. Descriptive statistics (pg. 121): Numbers used to summarize and describe data. The Morrow, Hubbard, and Swift (2014) study includes an excellent example of descriptive statistics. Survey results for participating fifth graders are displayed in Table 2 on page 311. The table is even titled, â€Å"Descriptive statistics for raw variablesRead MoreHow Students Can Motivate Students752 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing released each year for teachers to read up on and experiment with in their classrooms. One of the schools of thought regarding student motivation centers around relevance. Previous studies suggest students are more likely to be and feel successful if they are learning things in the classroom that they feel are relevant to their daily lives. Researchers had students at one school write one paragraph after a lesson sharing how they thought what they had learned would be useful to theirRead MoreNarrative and Descriptive Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesthe audience attention you must give a clear understanding of your story. A descriptive essay lets you describe in detail what the essay is all about using words that appeal to your sense of smell, hearing, see, touch, and taste. A descriptive essay lets you use words that describes a person, place, or object. When I compare the author’s narrative essay â€Å"Are the Rich Happy?† by Steven Leacock and the author’s descriptive essay â€Å"Sister Flowers† by Maya Angelou it is clear that there are many similaritiesRead MoreMy Experience Of English Composition972 Words   |  4 PagesComposition 1 this semester has been a tough one. From day one, I knew that this class was not going to be a â€Å"walk in the park†, so I tried to prepare myself for what was to come. Throughout this semester, I have recognized my strengths as well as my weaknesses , and I still continue to struggle with a lot of them to this day. Through it all, this class has been a journey that has taught me a lot. When we first began to write our descriptive essay, my confidence level was sky high. I thought thatRead MoreComparison Between Little Brother And 1984759 Words   |  4 Pagesout how to stop the government. In the contemporary novel Little Brother, Marcus Yallow is a normal teenage boy, he loves being with his friends, playing video games, and especially hates going to school. One day Marcus and his friends, Darryl, Van, and Jolu, decide that they are going to skip school to play a game with other kids around their area. The moment that they all met up was the moment that changed their lives forever. During their game a bomb blew up the Bay Bridge in an apparent terrorist

Modify DCS GAs Swing Logic Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Modify DCS GAs Swing Logic. Answer: Project Description The Distributed Control System (DCS) in our gas processing plant is out-of-date and requires a programming modification to be updated for two changes in our gas injection train: The project is estimated to cost $29,385 and was not budgeted for 2017; the need for this project was only recently identified. Background The gas injection swing logic serves the purpose of maintaining an appropriate injection pressure in the system. This logic resides within the DCS; when the Total Gas To Injection (TGTI) pressure reaches 19 MPa the logic sends a signal to the Remote Transmitter Unit (RTU) at each injection well which opens the control valve. This allows more gas to be injected into the wells, and relieves the system pressure back to a normal operating level (around 17.5MPa). There are two reasons why this swing logic is needed: Medium-duration handling of excess gas injection volumes. This is to allocate sustained excess gas volumes properly and requires smooth control. This occurs as production rates fluctuate from the field from activities like pipeline pigging and bringing new wells onto production. Note that long-duration excess gas injection will be accommodated through injection target changes; it is not intended to be handled with the swing logic. As well, gas shortages will not be included in this scope of work; this situation will also be accommodated through target changes. The existing swing logic is designed to take the wells existing injection target and multiply it by a factor of 1.75, to increase the valve position and open it to allow more gas. The main problem with this design is that there is less gas being sent to injection on a normal daily basis because it is being preferentially sent to sales instead. This results in many injection wells having a normal operating target of 0 e3m3/d. When the swing logic engages, the DCS will not send signals to the field RTUs to open the control valves for any wells that have an existing target of 0 e3m3/d, because 0 e3m3/d X 1.75 = 0 e3m3/d. This renders those wells ineffective when TGTI pressure reaches 19 MPa and it is likely that the TGTI system pressure will reach the set point of the high pressure shut down switch (22 MPa). This situation has happened twice within the last year. There are two problems that result from compressor shutdowns: Lost Revenue - The gas train of the processing plant will shut down. Excess gas is sent to flare (burned). Oil wells that have a high gas-to-oil ratio (GOR) must be shut in until the gas train is back online. Both situations directly lose revenue; during the last two compressor shutdown events lost revenue amounted to ~$150,000 each time. Increased Cost - Reaching these high pressures often can result in damage to the compressor, which will result in unscheduled downtime and increased maintenance costs. It is also important to note that high pressure shutdowns should only be utilized as a last resort. It is proper engineering design to ensure you dont reach those shutdown levels as a part of normal operating procedure, to reduce the likelihood of failure of these protection devices. The remaining wells to be part of the gas injection swing logic are these B Pool injectors: 0/16-15-109-08W6/00 0/09-15-109-08W6/00 0/12-10-109-08W6/00 2/10-10-109-08W6/00 0/12-03-109-08W6/00 0/10-03-109-08W6/00 3/13-02-109-08W6/00 0/03-03-109-08W6/00 These wells have a combined maximum injection capacity of approximately 2240 e3m3/d. This number is based on current orifice plate sizes and trends of actual injection rates from 2014-2017. Typical daily gas volumes during normal operating conditions in the plant are as follows: TGTI (treated gas to injection): 800e3m3/d TCPL Sales gas: 900-1400e3m3/d Solution This project proposes to upgrade the swing logic for the remaining B Pool gas injectors to open their control valves during a high-pressure swing situation even if their operating target is set to 0 e3m3/d. The following proposed control philosophy is based on ease of implementation; all controllers already reside in SCADA. Control Philosophy The proposed change for the new swing logic is to consider any control valves that currently have a target of 0 e3m3/d, and impose a set point change even if this condition exists. This will result in a consistent maximum swing tolerance volume. B-Pool Chase Gas The following 8 control valves will continue to be included in the B-Pool chase gas swing: NLB 09-15 / 50-0915-FIC-62 NLB 16-15 / 50-0915-FIC-61 12-10 splitter - 12-10 / 50-1210-FIC-60 2/10-10 well - 2/10-10 / 10-FIC-573 SLB 3/13-02 / 54-FIC-93 SLB 03-03 / 50-0703-FIC-61 SLB 12-03 / 54-FIC-61 SLB 10-03 / 50-0703-FIC-60 Operator accessible ON (trip) and OFF (reset) pressures will continue to control the status of the B-Pool chase gas swing. If the plant TGTI pressure is greater than the ON pressure for Level 1 (to be set at 19 MPa), the swing will be enabled and the B-Pool chase controllers will continue to be issued a set point of: Existing Set Point X % Flow Increase. The % percent flow increase will be similar to the existing logic, at 75%. If the plant TGTI pressure continues to increase and exceeds the ON pressure for Level 2, which will be set to 19.8 MPa, all controllers will receive a valve output command of 100%. Once the plant TGTI pressure falls below the OFF pressure, all swing will be switched off and the B-Pool chase controllers will receive their original set points prior to the swing. A minimum gap of 100 kPa is recommended between the ON and OFF pressures to allow smooth control. Notes The swing levels will be cascaded by using higher ON and OFF pressure set point for each subsequent swing. Controllers in manual prior to a gas swing will not be affected by the swing (during or after). Naming conventions will be consistent with the existing gas swing: Pressure set points will be called ON PRESSURE and OFF PRESSURE ENABLED will mean the logic is ready / standby, DISABLED will mean the logic is bypassed. Swing status will be displayed as either ON or OFF Alternative Options Continue to operate with existing swing logic, assuming there will be atleast two compressor high pressure shutdowns per year. This is a total of $300,000 in lost revenue, plus an increase in maintenance cost. 0/15-03-109-08W6/00 and 0/01-03-109-08W6/00 are also gas injectors in B Pool, but currently do not have SCADA at site as there is no power available. They can only be controlled manually by the field operators. They are not part of the swing logic as there is no remote signal that can be sent from the DCS with this current design, therefore their injection capacity cannot be considered as part of the design. If added to the swing logic, they would provide an additional 480e3m3/d of capacity to the gas injection swing logic. This number is based on the current orifice plate size and well capability. The scoping for adding SCADA to these sites is not a part of the design of this project, but must be considered if sales gas targets are expected to increase past 1400e3m3/d in the future. Justification This project will reduce lost revenues by ~$300,000/year for a total spend of $29,385. This work will pay out in approximately 36 days, which is well under the Capital expenditure hurdle rate of 6 months. Execution Strategy Required internal resources include the DCS Maintenance Rep, Plant Operations, and Engineering. External programming resources are also required to complete this project; the selected vendor is Autopro. Scope of Work Project Engineer will write an upgraded Control Narrative. Cost Estimate A Capital AFE will be raised for this project. Estimated costs are as follows (+/- 10%): Reviews Engineering Manager ________________________________ Plant Superintendent ________________________________ Field Superintendent ________________________________ Maintenance Superintendent ________________________ Grammatical errors, which I found, which include verb use problems and punctuation error. I did not understand this part regarding the specification of the target that can range from the source of injection to the sink for injection. The alternative section of the report is very neatly said and all the portions of lost revenues are very persuasive to apply for the new proposed project.