Andrew Jackson Life and Biography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1263 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category People Essay Level High school Topics: Andrew Jackson Essay Did you like this example? Andrew Jackson was known for many important and eventful life.I will be talking about both the highs and the lows of his two terms as the president of the united states from 1829-1837. The issues that I will be using and discussing are The states rights, The tariff, The Indian Removal act, and mostly how he did before and after his time in office. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Andrew Jackson: Life and Biography" essay for you Create order Andrew Jackson was born on March 15th, 1767 in South Carolina. Very close after Jackson was born his father died, Living with his mother in South carolina, he had lived with an extended family of Scots-Irish that worked and owned farms. His mother always dreamed of him being a well taught little boy but ends up Jackson had a love for cursing, pranks, and a lot of fighting. When Andrew was thirteen he decided that he wanted to volunteer to be in the Revolutionary War, His oldest brother, Hugh, died of a heat stroke in The Battle of Stono Ferry in 1779. In 1781 Andrew and his brother were captured, Andrew refused to polish the officers shoes so one of the british officers bashed him in the head with his sword. Robert, his other brother, died later from a deadly illness. Andrews mother then went to help injured soldiers and then died leaving Andrew an orphan at the young age of fourteen years old. When his money ran out, he finished schooling and he became a teacher for a short period of time and most people thought of him as different. He was Tall with red hair and blue eyes, Jackson was known for his bad temper . In 1784, when he was seventeen, Jackson decided to become an attorney. He moved to Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law by learning with lawyers. He also while doing three years of lawing school he worked at an general store. He also studied at Nashville for two years. One day Andrew met a woman named Rachel Donelson Robards, and she was struggling with a marriage.After hearing that her husband had been granted permission to divorce her, Jackson went to her in Natchez, where her mother had sent her, and may have married her there but no one really knows and have no records of the marriage. When they returned to Nashville in 1791, they discovered the divorce had not worked out. In 1792, Rachels husband sued for divorce so then they could not marry until 1794. When Andrew was twenty-first birthday one of Jacksons friends, John McNairy, was elected Superior Court Judge of the newly formed Western District by the North Carolina General Assembly. He went to Tennessee and practiced law briefly in Greeneville.Then in the fall of 1788, he moved to Nashville. Then broke out the war of 1812, As the new general, Andrew Jackson made quick, action to take the War of 1812 into his own hands,even though his soldiers were not the best. After a long battle he then won the battle of New Orleans by the British. This unexpected victory launched an enormous sense of national pride as America began to realize its true potential. It also made Jackson the new American hero. With winning New Orleans,it put Jackson on the map politically for his road to the White House.When Andrew was president he empowered his presidency, he defended the union, and pushed the country to democracy. He was so important to the government and made him such a good leader, and he always wanted to help all of the problems that anybody that he could provide for/take care of the issue .Although his candidacy brought problems and even deep personal loss upon him, Jackson was beloved by the country and the people recognized in him a unique spark they believed would change the nation to new heights. Andrew always did not want to be the boring old president that just enforced laws. Jackson was different. No one like him had ever served as president. He made decisions based on his personal beliefs. Besides the great work he achieved in office and in the military, President Jackson left a legacy resulting from his unorthodox, action-first mentality that pushed the boundaries for what both the president and the nation could achieve. Jackson returned to the Bank War. His relationship with the people throughout his first term convinced him that he was the only elected official in the United States that represented all the people. As such, Jackson believed he had to use his office to carry out their will. Jackson also espoused removing Indian tribes in the United States to the west of the Mississippi River as one of his reforms.Jackson argued that the United States policy of attempting to assimilate the tribes into white society had failed and the Native Americans way of life would eventually be destroyed. He recognized that whites desired their lands and feared if the Native Americans remained in those areas they would eventually be taken by the soldiers. Opposition groups fought Jacksons removal policy in Congress,but they sadly lost .In June 1836, Congress approved the legislation and sent it to Jackson. Jackson was tempted to veto it because he despised distribution and he felt the regulations on the state banks that held U.S. deposits did not go far enough, but the bill offered a final victory in the Bank War, currency reform and assisted Van Buren in his presidential campaign. Congress made the Indian Removal Act in 1831 which empowered Jackson to make treaties with the tribes in arranging for their displacement.Andrew would get many threats but just ignore them. He then took the indians through the Trail Of Tears. Which after this happened most people started not liking Andrew for honestly really good reasons.Today, Jacksons Indian Removal policy and its tragic consequences which led to the Trail of Tears was one of the worst parts on his presidential legacy. Jackson as a president was to carry out the Peoples will and which the price was to pay to become the president, and adding on to the death of his wife made his deeply affect him and he would spend the rest of his life mourning her. One of the bad things that Andrew Jackson did was the Tariff, he was known for this act to be one of the worst things that Jackson did during his presidency.On October 22 1832, the South Carolina legislature declared a convention on November 19, to decide whether the state would, according to Calhouns formula. On December 11, 1832, Jackson published a proclamation giving strong constitutional arguments, written by the Secretary of State Livingston. The only problem with all of this is that Andrew received a lot of hate comment about what he was doing and the choices about all of this. On January 8, the administration submitted a bill, known as the Verplanck bill after one of Van Burens allies, which cut the tariff in half over two years. Even though he was getting all of these threats and hate comments he went through with what his opinion was not really what the people wanted to help the nation better. On the 16th Jackson also sent to Congress the Force Bill ,to get Congressional approval for deploying the military to put down armed rebellion. This was also one of the debated options that he did about what he thought about it. While he was in office he accomplished things beyond his power. Jackson helped to inspire the American sense of promise and hope; the idea that anyone can succeed through hard work and natural ability, rather than through unappreciated power.

Proposal for International Foods at the University Dining...

Proposal for International Foods at the University Dining Services Pedro Cabrera came to State University from Puerto Rico. He decided to be an exchange student at State because he was interested in experiencing life in the United States, and because he was excited about the excellent veterinarian program offered at State. While he loves attending college and living in the United States, there are some things that he would like to change, or rather introduce to State University. Pedro admitted that he feels homesick at times, a feeling not uncommon to new freshmen. He confessed that one of the most important things that he misses about his home is his mothers home cooking. Pedro confessed that the food that the State University†¦show more content†¦He realizes he cannot get the food he likes on a daily basis, yet he still would like to be able to eat some meals he enjoys every once in a while. Although students who are from the United States enjoy eating the foods they are accustomed to, there are also times when student feel like trying something a little different. Often times the same old pasta or chicken dinners can get boring. That is why international food served in the dinning services would be a pleasant change for all students at Iowa State University. Not many students know what foods taste like from places such as India, Russia, Germany, Sweden, or Japan. Student would be able to sample foods from these and other places of which they have never been exposed to before. In addition, since this is an educational environment, introducing students to a variety of new foods from around the world would be both a cultural and educational experience. The serving of international foods at the residence hall dining services would be most beneficial to student for the main reason that the meals would be easily accessible. College students learn very quickly that time is precious and free time periods are few and far between. 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Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO Free Essays

string(89) " Wipro established ePeripherals Limited \(Wep\) diversifying into IT related businesses\." Introduction to the organization Wipro was founded in 1945 in India and is currently diversified from producing vanaspati oil during its initial set up to Information technology, consumer care, lighting, engineering and health care sectors. The company has a long history of budding from independent entrepreneurship to corporate entrepreneurship after its diversification. Though founded during the early 20th Century, this company came before economic liberalization and adroitly used the opportunities offered by deregulation to grow businesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the same time, they built strong organizational capabilities such as project management, quality of execution and speed. Arguably it is one of the few companies in India that changed its products and services with the pace of technological change and need. Wipro deals with business in IT services, Product engineering solutions, Technology infrastructure services, Business Process Outsourcing and other consulting related services. As of 2010 the company has employee strength of more than 100,000 and is classified as a large company in the IT sector. Currently the organization is diversified into many businesses with Information Technology services playing a major role in Wipro’s success. Today the Indian IT companies namely TCS, Wipro, HCL are renowned in the global market for their services. The various external factors leading to this situation include the Indian education system, high quality engineers, low cost of creation and high technological infrastructure. Approach to the document This report defines the various kinds of innovative outcomes in Wipro and how it evolved over 50 years to its current state that can be classified into the OECD innovation model. After this a few factors that have led to these innovative outcomes have been discussed and further classified as facilitators or barriers. Based on these observations a few recommendations are also provided to improve corporate entrepreneurship at Wipro. Definition of terms Academicians and practitioners have defined corporate entrepreneurship in many different ways in the existing literature. A number of authors emphasize that entrepreneurship primarily acts in underpinning innovation (Drucker, 1985b; McGrath, 1996; Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990). According to Schumpeter (1934) Innovation is 1) The introduction of a new good or a new quality of the good 2) The introduction of a new method of production 3) The opening of a new market 4) The conquest of a new source of supply 5) The carrying out of the new organization of an industry It can be differentiated between 4 types of innovations, namely â€Å"Product Innovation†, â€Å"Process Innovation†, â€Å"Marketing Innovation†, and â€Å"Organisational Innovation† (OECD, 2007). Corporate entrepreneurship is defined as the effort of promoting innovation from an internal organization perspective, through the assessment of potential new opportunities, alignment of resources, exploitation and commercialisation of said opportunities (McFadzean et al 2005). Corporate Entrepreneurship (McFadzean, 2005) From 1945 – 2000 individual entrepreneurship Azim Hasham Premji, the chairman of Wipro, was called upon to manage Wipro when he was 21 years old at the sudden demise of his father in 1966. He has steered the company to a rapid growth since then. In the 70’s, he realized a growing demand for computers in India with a few manufacturers. The company had no knowledge about computer manufacturing but Premji decided to venture into this and decided to collaborate with scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IIS) to manufacture hardware and later software (when the Indian market was liberalized in 1991). Under his leadership, the fledgling US$ 2 million hydrogenated cooking fat company has grown to a US$1.76 billion IT Services organization serving customers across the globe. Value based leadership Premji has established a strong value system in Wipro and believed that values not only helped in achieving success but also made that success more enduring and lasting (2003). Based on the vision created by the leader the organization made its path towards diversifying into various sectors and successfully innovating. Below are the milestones in the value based leadership that led to its growth until 2000 1977 – WIPRO was renamed to Wipro products limited due to its wide range of products 1970’s – First Indian company to manufacture mini computers 1980 – Wipro Technologies was created to manufacture computer hardware and related software 1988 – Wipro Biomed was established to market and service bio-analytical and diagnostics instruments. In 1989 it turned into a joint venture with GE and launched Wipro GE Medical systems limited 1998 – Premji decided to undertake an image building exercise for Wipro and adopted the rainbow sunflower logo and the tag line â€Å"Applying Thought† 1999 – First Indian company to receive the SEI-CMM level 5 certification which would help the company in global business development. All these initiatives led by the leader made Premji one of the top 30 all time great entrepreneurs in the world (Business week, July 2007). The magazine said, â€Å"After making the company profitable and expanding from food oil to other consumer goods, Premji led Wipro into the nascent tech economy in the 1970s. Premji is also a hands-on manager involved in day-to-day operations, even making sales calls himself†. He believed in empowering people allowing them to express their ideas and raise voices freely. There revolutionary policies would help shape the leaders of tomorrow. Employees were free to give feedback in a transparent system and the management at Wipro learnt what was hampering team performance and what could be done to rectify any problems. Corporate entrepreneurship from 2000 onwards From 2000 onwards the company focussed on innovation as a measure to sustain its competitive advantage. Since the launch of innovation initiatives in 2000, Wipro had emerged as one of the strongest players in the Information Technology (IT) industry. The company offered a comprehensive portfolio of products based on innovative solutions. Innovation was a prerequisite at Wipro since it believed that this was essential to achieve growth and competitive advantage. It was one of the values on Wipro’s promise statement that said, † With utmost respect to human values, we promise to serve our customers with integrity through innovative, value for money solutions, by applying thought day after day.† 2000 – In September Wipro established ePeripherals Limited (Wep) diversifying into IT related businesses. You read "Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO" in category "Essay examples" 2004 – Wipro’s innovation initiatives focused on the publishing industry resulted in huge success thus expanding the solutions to other areas – finance, insurance, and manufacturing. 900 employees working towards developing innovative business solutions (Business Week, 2006) 2007 – As of March 2007, innovative initiatives contributed to 7.5% of the toal revenues. Had a target of 10% by 2009 and successfully achieved it. Innovation council Soon the innovation council was formed and the approach aimed at soliciting ideas from the employees. The collected ideas from employees were discussed at the IC with top management reviewing the proposed ideas and analyzing how they would help the company accelerate growth and increase the quality of its new products. Thus it offered a bottom up approach to innovation although the feasibility was considered by the top management. And with selected ones, the company granted funding, technology and resources to bring into action. This encouraged the employees to suggest more innovative ideas and by the end of 2006 the council had 200 permanent employees to handle requests. Working framework for innovation at Wipro The innovation initiative at Wipro began with in depth study of successfully innovating companies like Nike, 3M Technologies and Home Depot. A 2 member team was formed to consult with academicians, experts, industrialists to chart out an innovation initiative. However after thorough examination it was observed that no existing innovation models could be replicated at Wipro. Hence by adopting a ground-up approach a focussed innovation model was built based on the requirements of the company also considering authorized customer ideas. According to Oslo Manual for measuring innovation there are 4 types of innovation product innovation; process innovation; marketing innovation and organisational innovation. However the working framework of innovation at Wipro classifies innovation at Wipro as Process Innovation, Technology Innovation, Delivery Innovation and Business Innovation. Applied innovation framework Wipro’s applied innovation was a 360 degree approach to business that focussed on four domains – business, process, technology and delivery. This would help Wipro technologies work collaboratively with its clients to reduce the cost of a project, speed up the process of delivery and identify new opportunities for business. Innovation at Wipro (Divakaran Mangalath, 2006) Process innovation As part of its innovation process Wipro applied the principles of lean manufacturing and six sigma to its process of software design and development. This helped it increase productivity by 10% since it reused tools and components. It was evident that after lean principles of engineering were applied to over 700 projects, 20-30% savings were recovered for the company (director’s report, 2007). Delivery Innovation This included the software factory model and the global delivery model. The factory model integrated several IT functions into a centralized supply chain allowing common areas of work to be grouped for better quality and time saving. Wipro observed 10-15% reduction in cycle time of demand to delivery of products. It was globally used across projects and Wipro was credited with pioneering the virtual distributed software development model that enabled companies to manage large projects through virtually distributed teams. Technology innovation The company was involved in creating IPs (Intellectual Properties) that effectively enabled its customers to reduce time in the product life cycle and improve the success rates of the products. Eg: the company developed a plug-n-play patent and IP that helped reduce the product’s time-to-market by 20-25%. Also they were the largest bank of patents in bluetooth, wireless LAN and IEEE 1394. Business innovation To improve its relation with customers, the company focussed on business solutions that were specific to the related industry. Wipro’s business innovations included Data Privacy and Master Data Management, Clinical Data Management, Integrated Publishing platform, vendor managed inventory, retail pharmacy, etc. Wipro also developed the GCC (Global command center) with IT infrastructure for its customers. The customers were happy to monitor, diagnose, store and secure applications as and when needed. The outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship In 8 years, by the end of 2008, innovation became an integral part of product development process. Since the cyclic processs has been inculcated in the employees, the â€Å"time-to-market† was significantly decreased for new products and also the products used leading-edge technology. A work flow solution – Flow-Brix was estimated to generate revenues in the range US$ 75,000 – US$ 1 million. Innovation had spread across all sectors of the organization and i-Desk was the first one to enable easy HR management – by a collaborating workplace tool for workflow solutions for publishing. All these innovation initiatives have been fruitful and also helped the company attract prospective employees to fill 29% of vacancies in 2006 (Business week, 2006) Hence it was certain that the innovation process enabled a strong product portfolio and also brought good revenue streams. In Wipro technologies, the company was focussing on consultancy services which would further enhance its image in the global software industry. Internal organizational factors to consider for successful innovation Effect of leadership In Wipro it was not only recruiting the right kind of people, but also in proper training of its people. Employees were mandated to frequent internal training sessions with major responsibilities showered on them although they may not seem well prepared for the role. Premji (2005) defined 8 leadership qualities which were made a standard against which new employees would be recruited and trained. He believed that training and development at various stages were designed by mapping people’s competencies to specific roles in the Life Cycle Stage Development Plan. Innovation Culture Premji also placed utmost importance on innovation and creativity in developing a successful organization. Stressing the importance of innovation for the overall development of the organization, Premji said, â€Å"Innovation is essentially the application of high creativity. It need not be restricted to just products; it applies to services, employee attitude and across all levels. Innovation is a fundamental mindset pursued seriously by an organization. It is imperative to imbibe the culture of innovation†(Manu B. 2006). Analysts report that the open and supportive culture at Wipro gives employees the opportunity to develop their skills and as a result, contribute more to the organization. Management practices In order to come out with innovative products and services, the top management at Wipro committed itself to fostering innovation in the organization and encouraging employees to come out with innovative ideas. Value system The company also strove to make it more customers centric. The company believes in the objective of â€Å"customer-in† where the voice of the customers is built in the products rather than being â€Å"product-out† where the products are sold by marketing its features to the customer. Premji also believed that this value system has to remain intact even after his tenure which was openly admired by the competitors. Organizational structure In Wipro the organizational structure was also responsible for carrying out innovation initiative in selected projects. The company emphasized the commercial viability of an idea along with innovation. The concept was to create components with Intellectual Properties (IP) that would generate revenues over a period of time rather than one-time revenue from projects. Innovation strategy Another approach to innovation involved executives of several industry vertical business units identifying new technologies that would be of importance to their clients in the near future. The objective was to have expertise in the new technologies and come up with the products and productive services that could be patented by Wipro. These centres also work with research institutes, technology providers and also provide a platform for the growth of the employees. The company was able to launch new products continuously due to its innovation strategy, which considerably reduced the time between idea-generation and final product development. A few hindrances to effective innovation Competitive rivalry WIPRO was able to produce hardware and software for the domestic market, however due to high competition and low quality; they decided that they could not export their products in a market that had the niche products from the big companies. They were not ready to take the risk of competing with IBM, Intel, and Apple and decided to use the opportunity where doors were open in the Indian market. If in the process, they were able to attain the quality as these giants, they could have made it to the bigger markets in no time and could have proven cost effective than other options. But due to unavailability of high quality raw material and skilled resources, they had to limit to the domestic market. National culture India is a developing nation and it takes time for technological changes to occur. Also the initial cost of hardware and software related to new technology is very high and not affordable to most projects. Hence although the Innovation council decides on feasible innovative ideas posted by employees, quite often they are rejected due to unavailability of resources in the country. However the company is striving to compete with global competitors in the technological field and this barrier can cause a major impact on the innovation strategy. Recommendations Top down approach An entrepreneurial vision indicates the strategic intent of the organization. Stein (2002) proposed that the most admired companies set challenging goals. This vision encourages individuals to hold informal discussion with colleagues, friends and share the knowledge that they bring with different project experiences. This helps refine the idea based on the critical analysis by more than one person. Thus the vision setter actually motivates employees to strive to excel beyond their capabilities and routines. Although innovation and creativity cannot be forced on employees, this provides a platform to discuss, relate and generate new ideas. This continuous innovation is also possible only when the employee understands and accepts the vision and strives to deliver it. Team based activities In Wipro technologies project work is also carried out in teams. This inculcates an team based culture for working among employees. Although the employee is not forced to discuss innovative ideas within his team he can depend upon forums to find people with similar interests. As part of knowledge sharing the company encourages participation in forums and blogging. Thus a webbed structure is created in sharing ideas. For example, people working for different projects but with similar technological backgrounds can rely upon the forums for their needed expertise. In this way simple tools created in one project can be easily passed on to other projects with similar requirements effectively reducing time to collaborate with the Innovation council. This can also be seen as a knowledge management initiative that fosters innovation. A new perspective The organization can look upon innovative ideas as a change management process. The organization has keenly created the Innovation council to take care of the process. However the acceptability of existing teams to these new ideas is not calculated as a risk. People could be inflexible in accepting a novel way of doing business. They are more comfortable with the routine methods and could prove a failure to the case. Along with innovation management the organization should also consider change management as part of the culture. This would improve acceptability of ideas and keep the cyclic process of innovation going on. Conclusion Wipro which began with the success of an individual entrepreneur has matured to a corporate entrepreneur that fosters innovation. The innovation discussed about Wipro technologies in particular can be applied to other industries too. Analysts feel that these internal organizational factors – culture, leadership, strategy give employees the environment conducive for continuous innovation and contribute more to the organization. However, the company has to rethink of its methods since close competitors like TCS, Infosys and CTS are also making huge investments in innovation. Hence with increased competition, it is a challenge for Wipro to sustain the current position of the innovation leader in the Indian market. References Azim Premji, â€Å"8 Steps to Excellence†, The Smart Manager, January 2005. â€Å"Azim Premji’s Interview with IIM Bangalore’s S.Krishna†, www.azimpremjifoundation.com, March 2003. â€Å"Director’s Report,† www.moneycontrol.com, March 2007. Divakaran Mangalath, â€Å"What Makes Innovation Work,† www.wipro.com, December 2006. Drucker, P.F. (1985b), Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Heinemann, London. Elspeth McFadzean, Andrew O’Loughlin, Elizabeth Shaw, (2005) â€Å"Corporate entrepreneurship and innovation part 1: the missing link†, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 8 Iss: 3, pp.350 – 372 Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V. (2000), â€Å"Knowledge flows within multinational corporations†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 473-96. Jon Tozzi, â€Å"The Greatest Entrepreneurs of All Time,† Business Week, July 2007. Manu A B, â€Å"Premji on Innovation, Creativity,† www.rediff.com, February 16, 2006. McGrath, R.G. (1996), â€Å"Options and the entrepreneur: towards a strategic theory of wealth creation†, Academy of Management Proceedings, pp. 101-5. OECD (2007): OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, p. 94. Stein, J.C. (2002), â€Å"Information production and capital allocation: decentralized versus hierarchical firms†, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 57 No. 5, pp. 1891-922. Stevenson, H.H. and Jarillo, J.C. (1990), â€Å"A paradigm of entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial management†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 17-27. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934): The Theory of Economic Development, 13th Printing 2007, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. (2003), â€Å"Knowledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium-sized businesses†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 1307-14. â€Å"Wipro’s New Groove,† www.businessweek.com, February 17, 2006. â€Å"QA with Wipro’s Azim Premji,† www.businessweek.com, November 27, 2006. How to cite Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO, Essay examples

Cinema Ticket Business Process

Question: Discuss about the Cinema Ticket Business Process. Answer: Introduction Cinema ticket is a voucher that indicates that an individual has the right or permission to watch a particular film or a movie for a given duration of time at a specific place. As a business process, cinema ticket is considered at the point of marketing or sales. One can buy a ticket from the box office or at the counter of an entertainment industry or an organization, which avails the tickets in the form of ticket checks or as separate. Tickets are also available from resellers, which are commercial enterprises that order tickets in the form of wholesale and reselling them to the consumers. Many customers trust dealers because of convenience and availability. The convenient factor relates to the local ticket acquisition while the availability factor is that all the tickets have been sold hence need to purchase the tickets from the resellers or not to see the particular performance of the show. Online booking of cinema tickets has been the current process of buying the tickets. Indus tries that have not developed the online system of ticket booking are therefore encouraged to adopt the system since it is effective and efficient regarding production, marketing, and customer satisfaction. Physical flow of cinema ticket Physical flow involves the circular movement model of the ticket card from the business sector to the point of use and the transfer of resources from the household sector to the business sector (Fang andYang, 2016). The physical flow is demonstrated as a counter-clockwise flow whereby the product market at the top, resource at the bottom, household sector at the left and organization at the right as the payment moves in the opposite direction (Braet and Spek, 2013). The household sector is the people seeking the consumption of the cinema ticket and at far right is the organization, which is responsible for the production of the ticket card (Hoof, 2016). At the top side are the product markets, which is responsible for the exchange of product or gross domestic product. The resource market exchanges the services of the resources (Braet and Spek, 2013). Payment flows from the household because they possess resources. Provision of services and resources to the organization via supply market, the company then utilize the resources in the production of tickets that are then provided to the customers (Hoof, 2016). The circular flow of payment play a significant role in the organization, it measures national income, gives out knowledge of interdependence, demonstrates endless nature of the economy and provides injection and leakages (Baumgrtel, 2012). For the physical flow of the product to be successful, there should be proper communication among the i ndividuals involved in the process. The organization should relay an appropriate message to the customers, which in turn respond by making payment of the product. Co-ordination is also another important factor in the process. There must be a proper coordination among the four parties with the right relationship. Document and Data flow diagram It is the graphical representation of information, and it is usually used as a primary step to provide an overview of the system (Hoof, 2016). The diagram indicates the type of data that are responsible for input and output from the system. It shows where the data moves to, its source and where it will be stored. The data flow diagram does not indicate the timing of the process and whether the process will operate in sequence or parallel (Redmond, 2013). Document flow diagram involves the recording the transaction of payment or documenting any activity during ticket processing. For example, during payment of the ticket, the document and data diagram can be represented as below. A is money received from the customer and P is the price of the ticket (Hoof, 2016). When A is less than P, the client is referred to A showing that the amount received is less than the price of the ticket. When A is greater or equal to P, the card is printed, and the change is dispensed (Shina, 2012). The whole diagram comprises of reviews concerning booking details, users in corporate level, the identity of the workers, movie screening as well as some seats booked by each and registered users both in the organization and in the cities (Stout, 2015). Booking details provide names of various movies screened on a given day, availability of corporate users for each video and number of seats booked (Sanchez and Royyuru, 2013). Corporate users entail name of the users, contacts including e-mails and phone numbers as well as their places of residence. The information in corporate users helps to obtain timely information for promotion purposes of the organization. Movie details consist of the cinema being screened and its location, name, date of screening and timing of the film to be shown (Mital and Desai, 2014). The revenue section provides users who are willing to book the ticket, which reflects the name, movie to be booked, number of users, seats booked and revenue generated. Seats booked give details of some seats for a particular day for a particular location. Assumptions the process of obtaining ticket online has principle assumptions that are applied to the users of the ticket and they include; every location comprise of different capacity of users, price of the ticket is at a fixed rate over the period, no cancellation of the ticket, payment mode is set, and internal operation involves the use of system. Information flow It is the process whereby information about the product moves from the point of manufacture to the final usage of the product. It is developed to manage the records concerning movie collection, sales of the ticket (Sanchez and Royyuru, 2013). It provides the conductive interface to the users to retrieve and to manage the records. Information in an organization is required to gather a certain amount of data concerning the product of the group (Mital and Desai, 2014). For instance, in the information flow process, it is important to include effective communication and coordination among the five that is from suppliers of material to final usage of the ticket by the customers to enhance understanding of each party in the organization. The product information flow diagram is as follows; Suppliers provide raw materials for the organization to process and manufacture tickets. Once tickets have been produced, they are distributed to the retailers, which in turn sell them to the final consumers (Ferreira and Proena, 2013). The transfer of information from suppliers to customers enhances the process of product movement. The distributors can directly sell the tickets to the customers or supply in bulk to wholesalers. Wholesales then sell to retailers, which in turn sell to individual clients (Ferreira and Proena, 2013). Future improvement Cinema ticket booking process is part of the management system, which can be implemented though there is some assumptions and limitation that need to be overcome. Incorporation of new applications such as modernization of payment mode, the dynamism of the ticket price, and implementation of refund and cancellation of the ticket, clients can choose the different type of seats during the time of reservation and the application of management system to each source and destination. Conclusion Most cinema industries have installed software to facilitate online booking system of tickets (Ferreira and Proena, 2013). The online booking processes have more advantages than physical method, which include anytime anywhere delivery of services, reduction of staff congestion and promotion of film internet. Marketing of tickets either physical or online need to be implemented to ensure reliability, efficiency and satisfaction of the customer hence high productivity of the organization product. Industries that have not developed an online system of ticket booking are therefore encouraged to adopt the system since it is effective and efficient regarding production, marketing, and customer satisfaction. Reference Braet, O., Spek, S., Pauwels, C. (2013). Crowdfunding the movies: A business analysis of crowdfinanced moviemaking in small geographical markets.Journal of Media Business Studies,10(1), 1-23. Hoof, F. (2016). Post-Cinematic Distribution Flows: Alternative Content, Sports Films and the (In) Stability of the Multiplex Market. InThe State of Post-Cinema(pp. 149-163). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Stout, G. 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